Theories in Childhood Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 845 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? There are many theories that focus on understanding childhood development. Different theorists focus on understanding different areas of development, while others have analyzed the same areas but came to different conclusions. The importance in understanding these theories is twofold; an educator can use these theories to monitor childrens development, and can implement ideas and practices that are appropriate according to these theories. According to Chalesworth (2017), Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotskys theories are the most commonly used and applied theorys in early childhood development and education (Chap. 1 1-4b). Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development, focuses on the four stages of childhood cognitive development, sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. This theory would not rationalize an educator creating a curriculum or educational setting for children, without prior assessment as to which stage they are at. As an educator I only read books, or tell stories that are age appropriate. Stories or books which focus on abstract thinking, philosophical, or moral thoughts, are not appropriate for young children. Young children at this stage are still developing basic logic, and cannot comprehend complex thoughts. As an educator I never assume a child understands a message or idea that I am giving over, I always ask them questions which clarify that they fully understand. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theories in Childhood Development" essay for you Create order As an educator, I realize how sometimes children are extremely excited with their cognitive revelation. A child can sometime excitedly tell a teacher; see I figured out how to do this puzzle, or they tell their teacher excitedly how they found a connection between two concepts. This excitement stems from a child realizing that they have grown in their cognitive abilities, and they are so proud of that revelation. When a child shows such excitement, I make sure to share in their excitement. I realize that what they are truly proud about is their cognitive growth. Lev Vygotskys theory of sociocultural development, focuses on how the social interactions that children experience impact their cognition. He theorized that much of their learning experience, is learned through social interactions. In addition he theorized that what truly impacts their learning, is their interactions with a more knowledgeable person than themselves. The zone of proximal development, is the area where children can achieve success with the help of a more able person. Vygotsky theorized that learning occurs mainly in this area, and children improve their skills as their ZPD expands. The way they expend their ZPD is through scaffolding. Charlesworth (2017) explains that according to Vygotsky it is important to provide children the right kind of support at the right time (Chap. 9 9-4b). According to this theory it would not be appropriate for an educator of young children to teach the class in a manner where the teacher just delivers the lessons without personal interactions. Children need these interactions with adults in order to thrive in their cognitive skills. As an educator, I always try my best to make my lessons as personal as possible, and I address each child according to their needs. This enables more interactions with the children, and helps them grow in their cognitive abilities. Eric Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, is a theory that interest me in understanding, and I would definitely study it in more depth. His theory is all about how humans discover who they are, and there are stages that a person passes, in which they develop these feelings correctly. Erik Erikson believes that the development of these stages, can be all the difference between a happy confident person vs. a depressed person, a kind and loving person vs. an isolated and insecure person. Being an educator of young children, I feel obligated to further study this theory. Understanding it would help me shape these children into emotionally healthy people. I would use the knowledge of this theory to identify childrens emotional needs, and properly respond to those needs. Bronfenbrenners ecological theory, divides the environment into four levels, each level can impact a person differently. Although Bronfenbrenner may be correct that there are different levels of environmental influences on the development of a person, I would not implement his theory as a rule. There are no two people alike; to one person growing up in a troubled home can be the worst thing, while to the other they can grow tremendously from the experience. As an educator, I would not come to conclusions based on this theory, for example, I would not let the child from the troubled home take advantage of his situation. I would analyze their temperament before drawing conclusions as to how to treat them. As an educator I understand that although some things may seem very petty, it can feel like the biggest catastrophe for the child. Conclusion These theorists among many others, have helped us in understanding the development of children in many areas. Implementing these theories can help in advancing the success in education. Educators can use these theories and implement effective teaching techniques and strategies, in order to give children a better chance to reach their fullest potential.

Shutter Island Multiple Mental Illnesses - 1366 Words

Shutter Island portrays multiple mental illnesses in the main character as well as in supporting characters. One might call it an abnormal psychology â€Å"goldmine.† It takes place at a water-bound psychiatric facility, Shutter Island, housing the criminally insane. The plot is about a man who refers to himself as Teddy. He believes he and his partner are detectives, on the island, to investigate the disappearance of a patient. He is also in search of a patient named Andrew Laeddis, who Teddy believes murdered his wife. The detective becomes paranoid that the facility is treating the patients unfairly and performing experimental lobotomies. The delusion goes on for several months, Teddy never realizing he is actually a patient, until he is brought back to reality at the climax of the movie. His delusion ends. He realizes he’s a patient for a very short amount of time before he goes back to believing he’s a detective. The delusion starts all over again. Throughou t most of the film, viewers see his delusion as a reality, until the twist at the end when it is revealed that he is actually a patient. Teddy is actually a counter personality of Andrew Laeddis, the patient he sought out to avenge his wife’s murder. In previous years, Andrew was a World War II veteran, who helped free Jews at the Nazi concentration camps. He coped with his symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by drinking alcohol and spending all of his time at work. He emotional detached himself from his bipolarShow MoreRelatedLost Along the Way827 Words   |  3 Pagesbeginning to end. The movie Shutter Island is one such film that is just that, and the characters in question are one Teddy Daniels, and the remote and ghost-like Andrew Laeddiss. They are two different characters, but one and the same mysterious person, struggling to find his way. Having gone through some traumatic events in his life, he ended up developing mental illnesses, such as Post-Traumatic Str ess Disorder (PTSD) and Delusional Disorder. Dealing with multiple illnesses is something that is veryRead MoreA Beautiful Mind By John Nash997 Words   |  4 Pagesexhibits schizophrenic tendencies these two scenes, and periodically throughout the movie. Shutter Island, displays a similar illness known as delusional disorder. Teddy Daniels, the main character demonstrates a number of notable symptoms throughout the film. Upon Teddy’s introduction, we learn he is a U.S. Marshal en route to Shutter island to investigate the escape of a dangerous patient from its mental asylum. Following several suspicious events occurring over the course of the investigationRead MoreNature Of Symptoms And Diagnosis1694 Words   |  7 Pagessecondary. Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor function. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individual who suffers from it. In the movie Shutter Island, Teddy suffers from identities. His main personality, or host, is discovered at the end of the movie to be Laeddis. His secondaryRead MoreThe Different Types Of Mental Illness And Disorders That Are Linked With Violence Essay1801 Words   |  8 Pages The perception around those who suffer from mental illnesses are more likely to be violent, or are known to be dangerous, has been persistent throughout history. With further investigations, studies, and assessments the understanding of mental illness, what causes it and what treatments work has improved, but the social and public perceptions have not (Link, Phelan et al. 1999). In this essay, I am going to look into the different types of mental illness and disorders that are closely linked with

The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me Alcohol, likely the oldest drug known, has been used since the earliest of societies for jubilation, rites, and other societal state of affairss. In the early 1920? s, society viewed intoxicant as more of a societal job. The 18th amendment was passed to criminalize the ingestion, sale, or trade of intoxicant. This action caused much more delinquency, as a consequence of mobsters, and other organized offenses against the authorities. Prohibition was abolished with the 21st amendment in 1933. The verse form? The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me? was written merely a few old ages after prohibition and reflects the true nature of alcohol addiction. Although alcohol addiction was still frowned upon in this epoch, Schwartz uses a bear to expose and reflect the true nature of alcohol addiction. In the last stanza, ? The secret life of belly and cram? shows that Schwartz feels that alcohol addiction is still unacceptable behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schwartz uses physical, emotional, and psychological facets of a bear to explicate the nature of alcohol addiction. Schwartz gives the bear human features that would be true of an alky, ? Clumsy and pounding here and at that place? and? In love with confect, choler, and sleep. ? Much like bears, people who are alkies, may see a great trade of trouble maintaining his/her balance or commanding their emotions. Schwartz furthers this metaphor of an alcoholic by demoing a physical dependance: ? Trembless and shows the darkness beneath. ? Due to withdrawal, an alky may wake up in the forenoon with shudders and hurt that require a drink for alleviation. The bear is besides eager to steep his physical demand as shown in the line, ? A multiplex honey to smear on his face. ? This strong demand for intoxicant outweighs what a individual knows and understands about the consequence on the organic structure. Schwartz conveys to his readers that alcohol addiction is an inevitable load. He tells us the bear is? That ineluctable carnal walks with me / Moves where I move, falsifying my gesture. ? It is evident that Schwartz feels that alcohol addiction is a load. Conflicts with civilization may do it hard for some people to develop their ain stable attitudes and moderate forms of imbibing. An alcoholic may experience the imbibing is a manner to go more sociable or alter their temper. The writer shows that although the bear appears to be confident, he has many insecurities, ? The tittuping exhibitionist is terrified, dressed in his dress-suit. ? Schwartz shows an unhealthy connexion to imbibing, ? A sugariness confidant as the Waterss clasp. ? This line explains the emotional clasp intoxicant has over the bear. Using the word? confidant, ? he portions with the readers what a really personal issue this is for an alky. When he describes the? Waterss clasp, ? the reader is able to understand what a strong appreciation intoxicant has over him. The bear? Howls in his slumber because of the tightrope? to further explicate the emotional hurting associated with this unwellness. Along with physical and emotional duress, the psychological science of an alky is a deep, repeating issue. An alky who has sustained from imbibing is referred to as a? retrieving alcoholic, ? non as a? cured alcoholic. ? The writer is unable to freely acknowledge this is a job for him ; he uses the bear as a whipping boy. Schwartz tells us the narrative of the bear on his dorsum. He leads the readers to believe that if it weren? T for the bear that everything would be O.K. . He states, ? With whom I would walk without him near. ? If the writer could make this and go forth his intolerable jobs, he feels it? would bare my bosom and do me clear. ? An alcoholic must acknowledge that he or she is powerless over intoxicant, and seek aid from a higher power in recovering control of his or her life. Alcoholism is an highly serious job it both today as it was yesterday. The verse form? The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me? was written to expose a serious job in an epoch where there was small or no aid for this serious unwellness. The upset is marked by extreme or compulsive usage of intoxicant. This dismaying disease work stoppages 1000000s of Americans, ? The scrimmage of appetency everywhere. ? Schwartz ailments of the bear and depict it as a go oning job throughout society. The writer is able to joint the earnestness of alcohol addiction utilizing metaphors of a bear. A reader must read between the lines to understand how Schwartz conveys that alcohol addiction affects a individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (250 words) - Fiction, Literature, Allegory

Lord Of The Flies In the book The Lord of the Flies the beast turns out to be the boys worst enemy even though it never really existed. The beast turned out to be the boys themselves. They were all scared the beast would kill them, but they ended up hurting or killing themselves just by defending themselves from the so called ?beast.? The first sign of the beast was when the boys were first scared. When the little boy told the rest of the boys about the ?snake-thing? he saw in the woods he refers to it as the beastie. None of the boys really believe him, but in all their minds it gets them thinking and worring about what's on the island, and if there are any beasts of some sort. The beast occurs any time the boys are frightened. If they hear a noise in the woods it must have be the beast. If they see something that scares them it must be the beast. This freightenment works the boys up so much that their primary goal is to kill the beast. In the end they kill themselves, and they realize that they were running from themselves. The beast never existed anywhere, but in their heads. I think the author, Golding, felt the same why when he wrote the book. The beast is the boys, and it ends up being their worst nightmare, and they don't even know it. That interpetation of the beast changed throughout the book and i began to realize what the author meant by ?the beast.?

A Quiz About Clarity

A Quiz About Clarity A Quiz About Clarity A Quiz About Clarity By Mark Nichol Writers usually don’t mean to be duplicitous when they write one thing when they mean another; it’s just that what they intended to communicate is not what they communicated. The following sentences demonstrate some of the types of misunderstandings that result from careless composition. Try your hand at repairing the damage, and then take a look at my solutions at the bottom of the page: 1. â€Å"The postwar suburban ideal was a Cadillac and a fur coat like a movie star.† 2. â€Å"His legacy was also one of social revolutionary, humanitarian, and artist.† 3. â€Å"A letter can be mailed via the Pony Express reenactors for the 1860 price of $5.† 4. â€Å"That established history is being challenged by a rare book collector and author, John Doe and Jane Smith.† 5. â€Å"Although DNA testing is highly effective, those involved in criminal investigations do not always use it because of its high cost.† Answers 1. The sentence implies that the ideal was ownership of two things: a Cadillac, and a fur coat that resembles a movie star. We know it means possessing a Cadillac and a fur coat, as movie stars were wont to do, but the sentence fails because it doesn’t explicitly state that. This revision does: â€Å"The postwar suburban ideal was driving a Cadillac and wearing a fur coat, like a movie star.† 2. The subject’s legacy cannot be that of someone with these identities, but it can be associated with that of such a person: â€Å"His legacy was that of a social revolutionary, humanitarian, and artist.† 3. The final phrase of this sentence lacks clarity. The point is that in 1860, sending a letter by Pony Express cost $5, and that today, for the same amount a more modest total than it was about 150 years ago one can send a letter on a commemorative ride carried out by reenactors. The sentence should be revised to make this relationship clearer: â€Å"A letter can be mailed via the Pony Express reenactors for the same fee it cost in 1860: $5.† 4. As written, this sentence suggests that the challenger is a book collector and author who is rare, and that the person’s name is John Doe and Jane Smith. Hyphenating rare and book to demonstrate that they team up to modify collector, and recasting the sentence to join each single epithet to the respective name, makes all clear: â€Å"That established history is being challenged by a rare-book collector, John Doe, and author Jane Smith.† 5. DNA testing is not always used of its high cost? Then why is it always used? Back up a little bit the sentence means that DNA testing’s high cost restricts the frequency of its use. This important distinction is conveyed with the simple reversal of two phrases and the insertion of a comma between them: â€Å"Although DNA testing is highly effective, because of its high cost, those involved in criminal investigations do not always use it.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesI wish I were...

Current Issue in Financial Accounting Essay Example

Current Issue in Financial Accounting Essay Example Current Issue in Financial Accounting Essay Current Issue in Financial Accounting Essay People have curiosity over the world, including information such as how it operates. The Information derived from the world can affect peoples behavior. This also holds true In the financial world. However, there has been debate about the approaches that can be taken to increase the understanding of the world. In accounting, the traditional scientific approach, which has enjoyed its monopoly for a long time, is attracting extensive criticism, especially from those who propose an alternative approach (the critical approach). This essay will compare and contrast these two approaches and discuss how they are utilized for accounting research. The eclectic approach (also known as the postvocalic approach) differs from the critical approach significantly in the ontological aspect. Positivists hold the idea that truth is out there to be discovered. For the critical approach, accounting should not be perceived as something objective or indicative of what the real world is (Hooper, Dave, Lancashire ; Prescott, 2008). The information collected by positivists from studies can disclose what Is found to be right In the sampled population but the Information should not be extended to cover a wider range of conclusions. Besides, the world is multifaceted. What appears to be right on one dimension might not be the same in another dimension. Positivists present the idea that information collected is adequate for reaching conclusions, but the critical approach does not consider this adequacy as the strength of the conclusions but as the cause of conclusions fallibility (Humphrey Escapes, 2007). The Impact of social domination provides a strong argument against the notion that accounting is not a natural or precise science. The critical approach has also attacked activism on the drawbacks of the statistical methodology it has developed and relied on. However sophisticated the methodology or the research instrument is, positivism is to varying degrees yielding to researchers subjective analysis, management of interpretation of data (Fleischman, Radcliff ; Shoemaker, 2003). Researchers understanding and deflation of subjects and terminology might also be different (Tinker, 2005). In other words, findings released by the scientific approach are informative to some extent but not entirely reliable. Needless to say, statistic tools are valuable when subjects can be quantified. Economic activities cannot be quantified all the time (Fleischman et al. 2003). For example, it is unlikely to quantify the Impact of the agency cost on accounting figures. The quantification of some elements which are not easily measurable makes the research methodology controversial and unconvincing. In addition to theoretical and subjective matters, the critical approach also suggests that the scientific research undervalues or omits the effect of cultural factors, economic factors, political factors and other external forces that mould accounting practices (Humphrey Lee, 2007). There are two implications for the critical approaches emphasis on the contextual factors that have a bearing on accounting- related research. I nee TLS Implication Is Tanat ten contextual Doctors, wanly are complex and ever-changing, account for why accounting is malleable rather than definite. For instance, the creative accounting theory argues that organizations take various approaches to affect accounting statement users opinions (Siskin ; Schneider, 2008). There can be a complex of factors contributing to this, managers incentives, the fear of investors pessimism, tax obligations, and so forth. Even more important is the fact that in many cases, some factors are overlooked but still of importance to a specific phenomenon. In these circumstances, the scientific approach is fallacious at its root, because the use of statistical tools is not reasonably applicable in accounting, at least not as applicable as it is in physical sciences (Hooper et al, 2008). Due to all these barriers (researchers biases, imperfections of research methods and the ever-changing external environment), an increasing number of scholars have put forward the argument that the scientific approach can never attain its objective of exploring the rules of the world reliably; alternatively, it is a pragmatic tool developed by capitalists to achieve social domination and a tool to relieve the potential intention among different actors in society (Dullard, 1991). This argument is reasonable, either in the past or in contemporary society. Accounting in the early 20th century was used to attract investors attention and investment in new ventures. Today, for instance, the shareholders and the managers do have some interests in conflict, but accounting can serve as a bridge between them and reduce the distrust caused by information asymmetry (Macintosh ; Baker, 2002). Critics of positivism also argue that both accounting and research on accounting are social phenomena, which are ephemeral in nature and cannot be perpetuated (Hogue, 2006). Accounting does not measure and disclose the actual accumulation of wealth in society but merely provides an explanation of resource distribution (Tinker, Merino ; Marker, 1982). Accounting standards change in responses to the changes in the dominating ideology of the society, as suggested by the critical approach. For instance, the importance attached to an organizations intangible sets in recent years leads to the emergence of the balanced scorecard, a brand new performance measurement tool that includes more than an organizations financial performance. These accounting practices were not useful a century ago, where the labor-intensive economy predominated. This kind of examples can pose a challenge on positivism, which is captured by the idea of finding the genuine and perpetual truth of the world. The critical approach also suspects other rationales behind drawing a causal relationship between events in the economic world. There are two possible arguments against this attempt. The first argument is that the causal relationship validated by the scientific approach is in fact fallible (Hogue, 2006). It is satisfactory only because the incidents that prove otherwise have not yet been discerned. Another argument is that even though a causal relationship does exist and accounts for a majority of incidents, the scientific approach does not foresee all elements that can come Into play, nor does It measure ten elements In ten order AT Importance conclusively (Humphrey ; Lee, 2007). For these reasons, attempts to launch scientific research are fruitless and meaningless (Humphrey ; Lee, 2007). The scientific approach is also based on an assumption that everything occurs logically (Hooper et al, 2008). It is too simplistic to lay out this assumption. Humans are always possibly driven by their will rather than rules (Tinker, 2005). For instance, even though accounting practices have been developed to measure an organizations ability to pay off debt, the collapse of banks in the supreme crisis indicates that organizations would overstate their assets rather than be mindful of their liquidity. Therefore, if the irrationality always exists, researchers should not anticipate their search findings to contribute to the effectiveness of the world and identify the best practices. Paradoxically, after the crisis deepened, some countries enacted laws to allow banks to put doubtful debt (which was in fact bad debt) in current assets constantly in order to prevent public panic. This contingency policy is in conflict with some basic accounting standards (treating bad debt as expenses). The scientific research is also theory-laden, which means that it starts from the analysis of existing theories (Hooper et al, 2008). Its attention is concentrated on verifying the relationships presupposed by existing theories. For this reason, it is passive and not friendly to changes. It does not take initiative to introduce new solutions that might become meaningful to meet unprecedented needs and challenges. Despite all these problems of positivism, it is important to note that the critical approach in itself is not a method of research but a method of examining research (Hooper et al, 2008). There is the preposition to associate the critical approach with the qualitative research, a methodology which is also concerned about contextual factors and characteristics of the subject (Tinker, 2005). However, more often than not, qualitative research leads to the establishment of some hypotheses and assumptions which are speculative in nature. Case-based research, another research methodology commonly used in the critical approach, cites exceptions to attack the generalized findings of positivism (Humphrey Escapes, 2007). However, this is also the weakness of the critical approach. The critical approach draws attention to what is wrong or what can be wrong but performs no function in finding what is right (due to the belief that it is unlikely to do so) (Humphrey Lee, 2007). Another problem found in the critical approach is that even though it tries to evade a conclusive answer but attacks a perceived reality, the evidence it brings together is controversial, because of the lack of the use of well-recognized research methods (Morgan Wolcott, 1993). The irony is that the critical research offers some novel perspectives to view some subjects, but these perspectives do not receive more attention unless they are tested by statistic tools (Hogue, 2006). Thats why despite the growing influence of the critical research, positivism still predominates in accounting literature (Hogue, 2006). I nee Ideal AT ten critical approach Is Tanat researchers can evaluate ten accounting system as an outsider. The main rationale behind this is that researchers can detect the problems of the system more easily (Hooper et al, 2008). However, beyond any doubt, researchers have to rely on their knowledge in evaluation. Such knowledge is basically derived from what was found in the scientific approach. It therefore brings attention to the impracticability of the critical approach, as the objective and legitimate critique of the system in which accounting standards develop is impossible (Dullard, 1991). The accounting scandals that have been disclosed in recent years illustrate this point, despite the continued development of standards during the same period. Instead of debating about whether positivism is superior to the critical approach or vice versa, accounting research should recognize their pros and cons and use them with caution. The scientific approach can be adopted to test the validity of some hypotheses or at least to what extent the hypotheses hold, but it should be compensated by the critical approach, which leads people to examine hypotheses from a variety of perspectives (Humphrey ; Escapes, 2007). While positivism gives management or other users of accounting statements convenience in interpreting financial data with a number of shared and generalized understandings of such data, the convenience can be misleading if it does not consider the complexity of variables such as contexts. As Tweeted (2010) states in the article, accounting students should be aware of the circumstances prevailing when analyzing issues and Judgment. Positivists should evaluate their knowledge, assumptions and hypotheses according to the most powerful external forces that are present where the discussion and analysis are carried out. People should also be aware of their own assumptions and beliefs (Hooper et al, 2008). For example, if people assume that current assets of an organization should be more of liquidity than non-current assets, they might need to evaluate what constitutes an organizations current asset. This can be different in different countries and periods of time in a fiscal year. One important lesson that has been learned from the scientific approach is that there should be more than one explanation of an event. There is no point in arguing that one explanation is better than another and then the less satisfactory explanation would be discarded (Hooper et al, 2008). Each explanation has its drawbacks and also its rationality. It can find its Justifications in different contexts. This can help people gain a better and more comprehensive understanding of an event.

How Organizational Change Affected DOD Employees Research Paper

How Organizational Change Affected DOD Employees - Research Paper Example   The management of change is extremely important in the development of an understanding between employers and employees because it focuses on the people within the said organization and how they resist changes that are imposed on them (Rusaw, 2005, p.482). It also comes to look at how, afterward, these employees come to accept these changes as being part of their work environment. It has been found that the administration of the Department of Defence tend to aim at creating an environment which is highly receptive of change because they have come to realize that the acceptance of change is the key which determines whether the changes that they implement become either successes or failures. The strategy which is used by the Defence Department when making changes to the organisation has come to be found to be what makes the difference on how well these changes are received by its employees, and as such, it is what determines the level of success that newly implemented management str ategies have not only on the employees but also on the department itself (Durant, 2008, p.282). It has been found that the best means that the Defence Department implements changes among its employees has been its recognition of the fact that it is a normal human behavior to resist change. One of the most pertinent issues that it has come to address when implementing changes has been the recognition that its employees will not automatically accept any of the new changes that it attempts to implement.